प्राचीन भारतीय कला और वास्तुकला का विकास

Development of Ancient Indian Art and Architecture

Abstract

This research paper explores the evolution and significance of ancient Indian art and architecture, examining its major forms—stupa architecture, temple construction, sculpture, painting, and handicrafts—as integral to the spiritual, cultural, and social fabric of Indian civilization. It highlights how these artistic expressions developed over time, influenced by religious movements such as Buddhism and Hinduism, and how they served as mediums of devotion, symbolism, and societal reflection.

The paper begins by analyzing the development of stupas, initially simple mounds built to enshrine the relics of the Buddha, which gradually evolved into complex architectural structures adorned with carvings depicting scenes from the Buddha’s life. It then delves into temple architecture, noting its formal elements—sanctum (garbhagriha), pavilion (mandapa), spire (shikhara), and enclosure (prakar)—and traces its stylistic evolution, particularly during the Gupta period.

The study further explores sculpture, both Buddhist and Hindu, highlighting its religious and social narratives and its role in shaping cultural identity. Painting, from early religious murals in Ajanta and Ellora to courtly Mughal miniatures, is shown to be a vibrant reflection of both divine and worldly themes. Lastly, the paper examines craft traditions such as metalwork, woodwork, and stone carving, showcasing their aesthetic and functional contributions to Indian art heritage.

In conclusion, the paper emphasizes that ancient Indian art and architecture not only fulfilled religious functions but also mirrored the collective psyche and way of life of Indian society. Their legacy continues to define India's rich cultural identity and global artistic influence.